Crafting the Ideal Single Member LLC Operating Agreement: A Guide with Legal GPS
Setting up a single-member Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a popular choice for solo entrepreneurs who wish to protect their assets and enjoy tax...
7 min read
Chris Daming, J.D., LL.M.
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When it comes to forming a single-member LLC, you’ve probably asked yourself: “Do I really need an operating agreement for my business?" "What’s the worst that could happen without it?” Also, "You’re saying I need to write a contract to myself?”
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As lawyers, we get these kinds of questions regularly. And if you’re asking these questions, great! It means you’re thinking seriously about building a sustainable business. I’ll admit that it does seem strange at first to have to create an operating agreement when you’re the sole owner of your startup.
But there are a ton of good reasons why you’re going to want to get this agreement finalized. Let me explain.
Single-member LLCs
Single-member LLCs, or LLCs with only one owner, are one of the most popular kinds of businesses. Many people choose this type of entity to take their passion project or side hustle to the next level. For this post, we’ll assume that you’ve correctly chosen the best business entity and decided a single-member LLC is perfectly right for your business.
One (of many) good things -- because there’s only one member, a single-member LLC can be less complicated to run than a typical multi-member LLC. And it requires considerably less paperwork than a corporation.
As an LLC, there are two key documents required for formation.
The first is your Articles of Organization, which needs to be filed with the state where your business is formed for your business to be legit. This document states your legal name, your LLC's purpose, registered agent, estimated duration, and planned management structure.
The exact details of the Articles of Organization (a.k.a. "Certificate of Organization") vary from state to state, but in general, it is merely just stating exactly what your company is, how it will be managed, and who will be running it.
The second document is your Operating Agreement. Below we'll go through step-by-step each provision contained in a single-member operating agreement.
What's an operating agreement?
An operating agreement is a contract between LLC members similar to a partnership agreement or a shareholders agreement. It shows the structure of the organization. It sets out the members’ duties, rights, and responsibilities in the operations and finances of the LLC. Most importantly, it covers what happens when a member wants to leave the business and how and when a member can transfer or sell their LLC interest.
The debate around single-member LLCs and operating agreements
So the question you must be asking yourself is, “Why would I need an operating agreement with myself?” Well, there is one really great reason… for protection!
So if you are starting a business, you want to make sure you have all of your legal paperwork in place. In researching your state’s requirements you might even discover that you’re not legally required to have an operating agreement for your LLC. (But, in many states, you are required by law!).
Does this mean you’re off the hook and can skip this step?
Please don't skip this step! Regardless of whether you’re legally required to have the agreement, it’s truly a necessary document for your business. While we talk about a lot of other reasons below, here’s the most obvious one—who owns your business?? If you set up Widgets, LLC, and 5 years down the road you’re trying to sell it—imagine going to a prospective buyer without any proof you actually own that business!
Your Articles of Organization—that doc you file with the state—doesn’t say you own it. It might say you’re the registered agent, but that doesn’t mean you own it. That’s what the operating agreement does, among many other things. Let’s talk about some other reasons.
First, we’ll go over why your single-member LLC needs an operating agreement. And then we’ll cover the topics that are usually included in an operating agreement.
Why have an operating agreement?
Here are 3 reasons why having an operating agreement can be useful.
1. It can secure your liability protection.
That’s right. An operating agreement helps protect your personal assets from your business assets. This is crucial to understand, as it’s the primary reason that your single-member LLC needs an operating agreement.
Even if an operating agreement isn’t required in your state, running your company without an operating agreement could jeopardize your LLC status.
Think about it. The main benefit of an LLC is the liability protection it offers. It’s probably the reason why you created your LLC in the first place.
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What does "liability protection" even mean?
In case you’re confused, let’s quickly go over what we mean by liability protection. LLCs protect your personal assets, such as your home and bank accounts, against people who sue your business for some reason (like damaging property or breaching a contract).
To keep this liability protection, you need to keep your business affairs and personal affairs separate. This includes not “commingling funds,” which means not treating your business finances as personal finances. It also includes respecting various business formalities, like keeping and maintaining meeting minutes.
If you don’t keep your business and personal stuff separate, then you risk someone “piercing the corporate veil” in court, which means they could legally get around your liability protections for not treating your business like a business.
An operating agreement is a key business document that shows your business operates like a legit company. Without the operating agreement, your state might not acknowledge you as an LLC, which means someone could sue you without there being any shield to protect your personal assets.
You’ve already put in the time and effort to form your LLC to get liability protection. So just go ahead and get an operating agreement to make that liability protection secure.
2. Without an operating agreement, your state's default rules will apply to your LLC.
If you don’t have an operating agreement, your state’s default rules apply. Default rules are set by states so that, if a contract does not specify certain terms, there are rules set in place to fill these gaps. But since they’re made for the lowest common denominator of situations, they can sometimes give businesses unwanted results.
An example is helpful here. Your state might have a default rule that gives someone, like a spouse or child, the right to inherit the assets of your LLC in the event of your death or incapacitation. But this right to inherit assets might not be coupled with the right to manage it.
So, if you want a specific person (like someone who knows the business and has worked there a long time) to take over your LLC in the event something bad happens to you, then you need to state that in your operating agreement. If you don’t, you could have a situation where you become incapacitated and your 2-year-old daughter is expected to take over the company and run it.
3. Banks and investors may require it.
Banks and investors might want to see your operating agreement as proof that you own your LLC. Your state registration document alone doesn't prove it (remember above -- that document might not only state that you're the registered agent, but that's not the same as the LLC owner). So, it’s best to come prepared and have your operating agreement ready.
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What’s in a single-member LLC operating agreement?
Now that you understand the importance of having a single-member LLC, you’re probably wondering what it entails and how to get started. Here is a list of what your operating agreement should cover.
- The name, location, and purpose of your LLC. Name and location seem evident enough, but you also want to be sure to explain the purpose of your LLC. You don’t have to be extra specific. Instead, keeping your LLC purpose generalized leaves the door open for you to take on new ventures without having to refile.
- Your LLC’s registered agent. The registered agent is the person who is responsible for receiving and taking care of important documents on behalf of your company.
- The term of your LLC. You need to define your LLC's duration. Unless you have a specific time frame for the business, you can just state the duration as perpetual.
- Information about LLC membership. This section requires more thought. Here‘s where you can list yourself as the sole member and manager (if applicable). You also state the rights and duties of each member (even when it is just you), including any capital contributions to your LLC, any voting rights each member might have, and management structure. This may all seem silly since you are the only member, but it is an important part of getting your single-member LLC in place.
- How profits and losses are distributed. Here you will want to clearly state how all the LLC's profits and losses are distributed.
- Accounting and record-keeping information. You will need to state who is responsible for the accounting and record-keeping (you, an independent accountant, or an accounting firm) and what accounting method you’ll you will use (cash or accrual).
- Indemnification and limitation of liability. These indemnification provisions and limitation of liability statements help to limit the amount you can be financially responsible for in the case of a lawsuit against your company.
- Dissolution. The dissolution clause in an LLC agreement is the plan for what to do when things… well, don’t go as planned. How to dissolve your LLC and designate who will maintain control of the LLC in the event of your death or demise.
- Effective Date. Your effective date for your operating agreement is the date the agreement becomes active. Another way to think of it -- it's the day the agreement "takes effect."
What to do if you add another member to your LLC
Most of us small business owners dream of the day when our business expands past what we can manage by ourselves. If you find yourself in that fantastic position and you are ready to add another member to your LLC, you will need to redo the above paperwork. Most likely, you'll want to create a completely different agreement, as a multi-member LLC operating agreement is considerably different than a single-member operating agreement.
Do you need to file your operating agreement with your organizing state?
Nope! Unlike your Articles of Organization (or Certificate of Formation, depending on your home state), your operating agreement is an internal document that you simply keep in your own company's records. Sign it and keep a copy so you can find it when you need it, that's it!
Does the type of operating agreement matter?
The short answer is "yes." The agreement varies if you're a single-member vs. a multi-member LLC. It also depends on if you're manager-managed or member-managed, and how you're taxed. Your operating agreement will have tons of different legal clauses depending on each of those variables.
Do you need a lawyer for this?
The biggest question now is, "Do I need an attorney for my LLC? To help you set up the LLC? Or to draft your operating agreement?" For most businesses and in most cases, you don't need a lawyer to start your business. Instead, many business owners rely on Legal GPS Pro to help with legal issues.
And if you know you want to DIY it (as most single-owner LLC owners do), and you know how you'll be managed and taxed, you can get one of our operating agreement templates below by clicking on the relevant link:
Single-Member Operating Agreement Templates (1 owner)
Multi-Member Operating Agreement Templates (2+ owners)
Or, if you want to get the agreement, plus 100+ other contract templates, along with a step-by-step, interactive platform to help you start and grow your LLC, check out the Legal GPS Pro tool.
Legal GPS Subscription
Protect your business with our complete legal subscription service, designed by top startup attorneys.
- ✅ Complete Legal Toolkit
- ✅ 100+ Editable Contracts
- ✅ Affordable Legal Guidance
- ✅ Custom Legal Status Report
Protect Your Business with a Custom LLC Operating Agreement
Legal GPS templates are drafted by top startup attorneys and fully customizable.
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